Natural History, Phenology & Image(s)
Feeding Guild:‡
ambushers
‡Feeding guild when noted defined by Uetz, G. W., J. Halaj, and A. B. Cady. 1999. Guild structure of spiders in major crops. Journal of Arachnology 27:270-280.
Recorded Habitats:
(not yet recorded or unknown)
Life & Natural History:
(not yet recorded or unknown)
Image(s) of Habitus:
Credit: Nieuwenhuys, Ed
Credit: Sollfors, Stefan
Details About Males
Description:
(not yet recorded or unknown)
Image of External Male Genitalia:
(image not yet available)
Details About Females
Description:
(not yet recorded or unknown)
Image of Epigynum:
(image not yet available)
Synonyms and Chresonyms†
| Aranea audax Schrank 1803 |
| Xysticus audax Schrank 1803 |
| Thomisus lateralis Hahn 1831 |
| Thomisus pini Hahn 1831 |
| Thomisus lateralis Hahn 1832 |
| Thomisus pini Hahn 1832 |
| Xysticus audax C. L. Koch 1835 |
| Xysticus mordax C. L. Koch 1835 |
| Thomisus cinereus C. L. Koch 1837 |
| Xysticus cinereus C. L. Koch 1837 |
| Xysticus audax C. L. Koch 1845 |
| Xysticus pini C. L. Koch 1850 |
| Xysticus pini Thorell 1856 |
| Thomisus audax Blackwall 1861 |
| Xysticus pini Thorell 1872 |
| Xysticus pini Simon 1875 |
| Xysticus pini Menge 1876 |
| Xysticus pini Becker 1882 |
| Xysticus pini Chyzer & Kulczynski 1891 |
| Xysticus pini Bösenberg 1902 |
| Xysticus lateralis Bösenberg & Strand 1906 |
| Xysticus pini Simon 1932 |
| Xysticus audax Silhavy 1944 |
| Xysticus audax Tullgren 1944 |
| Xysticus audax Locket & Millidge 1951 |
| Xysticus audax Buchar & Zdárek 1960 |
| Xysticus audax Utochkin 1968 |
| Xysticus audax Vilbaste 1969 |
| Xysticus audax Miller 1971 |
| Xysticus audax Braendegaard 1972 |
| Xysticus audax Palmgren 1983 |
| Xysticus audax Roberts 1985 |
| Xysticus audax Ono 1988 |
| Xysticus audax Chikuni 1989 |
| Xysticus audax Izmailova 1989 |
| Xysticus audax Ono, Marusik & Logunov 1990 |
| Xysticus audax Heimer & Nentwig 1991 |
| Xysticus audax Roberts 1995 |
| Xysticus audax Mcheidze 1997 |
| Xysticus audax Roberts 1998 |
| Xysticus audax Azarkina & Logunov 2001 |
| Xysticus audax Jantscher 2001 |
Taxonomic References†
Azarkina, G. N. & D. V. Logunov. 2001. Separation and distribution of Xysticus cristatus (Clerck, 1758) and X. audax (Schrank, 1803) in eastern Eurasia, with description of a new species from the mountains of central Asia (Aranei: Thomisidae). Arthropoda Selecta 9: 133-150.
Becker, L. 1882. Les Arachnides de Belgique. I. Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. natur. Belg. 10: 1-246.
Blackwall, J. 1861. A history of the spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. London, 1: 1-174.
Bösenberg, W. 1902. Die Spinnen Deutschlands. II-IV. Zoologica (Stuttgart) 14: 97-384.
Bösenberg, W. & E. Strand. 1906. Japanische Spinnen. Abh. Senck. naturf. Ges. 30: 93-422.
Braendegaard, J. 1972. Edderkopper: Eller Spindlere II. Danmarks Fauna 80: 1-231.
Buchar, J. & J. Zd rek. 1960. Die Arachnofauna der mittelböhmischen Waldsteppe. Acta Univ. Carolinae Biol. 1960: 87-102.
Chikuni, Y. 1989. Pictorial Encyclopedia of Spiders in Japan. Kaisei-sha Publ. Co., Tokyo, 310 pp.
Chyzer, C. & W. Kulczynski. 1891. Araneae Hungariae. Budapest, 1: 1-170.
Hahn, C. W. 1832. Die Arachniden. Nürnberg, Erster Band, pp. 25-76.
Hahn, C. W. 1831. Monographie der Spinnen. Nürnberg, Heft 6, 1 p., 4 pls.
Heimer, S. & W. Nentwig. 1991. Spinnen Mitteleuropas: Ein Bestimmungsbuch. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, 543 pp.
Izmailova, M. V. 1989. [Fauna of Spiders of South Part of Eastern Siberia]. Irkutsk, State Univ. Publ., 184 pp.
Jantscher, E. 2001. Diagnostic characters of Xysticus cristatus, X. audax and X. macedonicus (Araneae: Thomisidae). Bull. Br. arachnol. Soc. 12: 17-25.
Koch, C. L. 1850. Übersicht des Arachnidensystems. Nürnberg, Heft 5, pp. 1-77.
Koch, C. L. 1845. Die Arachniden. Nürnberg, Zwolfter Band, pp. 1-166.
Koch, C. L. 1837. Die Arachniden. Nürnberg, Dritter Band, pp. 105-119, Vierter Band, pp. 1-108.
Koch, C. L. 1837. Übersicht des Arachnidensystems. Nürnberg, Heft 1, pp. 1-39.
Koch, C. L. 1835. Arachniden. In Herrich-Schäffer, G. A. W., Deutschlands Insekten. Heft 128-133.
Locket, G. H. & A. F. Millidge. 1951. British spiders. Ray Society, London, 1: 1-310.
Mcheidze, T. S. 1997. [Spiders of Georgia: Systematics, Ecology, Zoogeographic Review]. Tbilisi Univ., 390 pp. (in Georgian).
Menge, A. 1876. Preussische Spinnen. VIII. Fortsetzung. Schrift. naturf. Ges. Danzig (N. F.) 3: 423-454.
Miller, F. 1971. Pavouci-Araneida. Klíc zvíreny CSSR 4: 51-306.
Ono, H. 1988. A revisional study of the spider family Thomisidae (Arachnida, Araneae) of Japan. National Science Museum, Tokyo, ii + 252 pp.
Ono, H., Y. M. Marusik & D. V. Logunov. 1990. Spiders of the family Thomisidae from Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands. Acta arachn. Tokyo 39: 7-19.
Palmgren, P. 1983. Die Philodromus aureolus-Gruppe und die Xysticus cristatus-Gruppe (Araneae) in Finnland. Annls zool. fenn. 20: 203-206.
Roberts, M. J. 1998. Spinnengids. Tirion, Baarn, Netherlands, 397 pp.
Roberts, M. J. 1995. Collins Field Guide: Spiders of Britain & Northern Europe. HarperCollins, London, 383 pp.
Roberts, M. J. 1985. The spiders of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 1: Atypidae to Theridiosomatidae. Harley Books, Colchester, England.
Schrank, F. von P. 1803. Fauna Boica. Durch dachte Geschichte der in Baiern einheimischen und Zahmen Tiere. Landshut, 3(1): 229-244.
Silhavy, V. 1944. De Araneis familiae Thomisidae in Balcano occidentali viventibus. Sbornik. Kl. Prir., Brno 25: 90-95.
Simon, E. 1932. Les arachnides de France. Tome VI. Synopsis générale et catalogue des espèces françaises de l'ordre des Araneae; 4e partie. Paris, 6: 773-978.
Simon, E. 1875. Les arachnides de France. Paris, 2: 1-350.
Thorell, T. 1872. Remarks on synonyms of European spiders. Part III. Upsala, pp. 229-374.
Thorell, T. 1856. Recensio critica aranearum suecicarum quas descripserunt Clerckius, Linnaeus, de Geerus. N. Act. reg. Soc. sci. Upsal. (3) 2(1): 61-176.
Tullgren, A. 1944. Svensk Spindelfauna. 3. Araneae (Salticidae, Thomisidae, Philodromidae och Eusparassidae). Stockholm, pp. 1-108.
Utochkin, A. S. 1968. Pauki roda Xysticus faunii SSSR (Opredelitel'). Ed. Univ. Perm, pp. 1-73.
Vilbaste, A. 1969. Eesti Žmblikud I. Krabiämbliklased (Xysticidae), Jooksikämbliklased (Philodromidae) ja Hüpikämbliklased (Salticidae). Zooloogia ja Botaanika Instituut, Tallinn, pp. 1-224.
†Nomenclature and taxonomic references from the World Spider Catalog accessible at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/THOMISIDAE.html
Other Nearctic Members of Genus Xysticus C. L. Koch, 1835‡‡
X. acquiescens Emerton, 1919 ...............Holarctic
X. alboniger Turnbull, Dondale & Redner, 1965 ...............USA, Canada
X. ampullatus Turnbull, Dondale & Redner, 1965 ...............USA, Canada
X. apachecus Gertsch, 1933 ...............USA
X. apalacheus Gertsch, 1953 ...............USA
X. aprilinus Bryant, 1930 ...............USA
X. auctificus Keyserling, 1880 ...............USA, Canada
X. banksi Bryant, 1933 ...............USA
X. benefactor Keyserling, 1880 ...............USA, Canada
X. bicuspis Keyserling, 1887 ...............USA
X. bifasciatus C. L. Koch, 1837 ...............Palearctic
X. bonneti Denis, 1938 ...............Palearctic
X. britcheri Gertsch, 1934 ...............Russia, Alaska, Canada, USA
X. californicus Keyserling, 1880 ...............USA
X. canadensis Gertsch, 1934 ...............Russia, USA, Canada
X. chaparralis Schick, 1965 ...............USA
X. chippewa Gertsch, 1953 ...............Holarctic
X. cochise Gertsch, 1953 ...............USA
X. coloradensis Bryant, 1930 ...............USA
X. concursus Gertsch, 1934 ...............USA
X. cristatus (Clerck, 1757) ...............Palearctic
X. cunctator Thorell, 1877 ...............USA, Canada
X. deichmanni Sorensen, 1898 ...............Canada, Alaska, Greenland
X. discursans Keyserling, 1880 ...............North America
X. durus (Sorensen, 1898) ...............USA, Canada, Greenland
X. elegans Keyserling, 1880 ...............USA, Canada, Alaska
X. ellipticus Turnbull, Dondale & Redner, 1965 ...............USA, Canada
X. emertoni Keyserling, 1880 ...............USA, Canada, Alaska, Slovakia to China
X. facetus O. P.-Cambridge, 1896 ...............Mexico to El Salvador
X. ferox (Hentz, 1847) ...............USA, Canada
X. ferrugineus Menge, 1876 ...............Palearctic
X. fervidus Gerstch, 1953 ...............USA, Canada
X. flavovittatus Keyserling, 1880 ...............USA
X. floridanus Banks, 1896 ...............USA
X. fraternus Banks, 1895 ...............USA, Canada
X. funestus Keyserling, 1880 ...............North America
X. furtivus Gertsch, 1936 ...............USA
X. gallicus Simon, 1875 ...............Palearctic
X. gertschi Schick, 1965 ...............North America
X. gosiutus Gertsch, 1932 ...............USA, Canada
X. gulosus Keyserling, 1880 ...............North America
X. humilis Redner & Dondale, 1965 ...............USA
X. imitarius Gertsch, 1953 ...............USA
X. indiligens (Walckenaer, 1837) ...............USA
X. iviei Schick, 1965 ...............USA
X. iviei sierrensis Schick, 1965 ...............USA
X. keyserlingi Bryant, 1930 ...............USA, Canada
X. labradorensis Keyserling, 1887 ...............Holarctic
X. lanio C. L. Koch, 1835 ...............Palearctic
X. lassanus Chamberlin, 1925 ...............USA, Mexico
X. laticeps Bryant, 1933 ...............USA, Cuba
X. lineatus (Westring, 1851) ...............Palearctic
X. locuples Keyserling, 1880 ...............USA, Canada
X. luctans (C. L. Koch, 1845) ...............USA, Canada
X. luctator L. Koch, 1870 ...............Palearctic
X. luctuosus (Blackwall, 1836) ...............Holarctic
X. lutzi Gertsch, 1935 ...............USA, Mexico
X. montanensis Keyserling, 1887 ...............USA, Canada, Alaska
X. nevadensis (Keyserling, 1880) ...............USA
X. nigromaculatus Keyserling, 1884 ...............USA, Canada
X. ninnii Thorell, 1872 ...............Palearctic
X. obscurus Collett, 1877 ...............Holarctic
X. ocala Gertsch, 1953 ...............USA
X. ontariensis Emerton, 1919 ...............Canada
X. orizaba Banks, 1898 ...............Mexico
X. paiutus Gertsch, 1933 ...............USA, Mexico
X. pearcei Schick, 1965 ...............USA
X. pellax O. P.-Cambridge, 1894 ...............North America
X. peninsulanus Gertsch, 1934 ...............USA
X. posti Sauer, 1968 ...............USA
X. pretiosus Gertsch, 1934 ...............USA, Canada
X. punctatus Keyserling, 1880 ...............USA, Canada
X. robinsoni Gertsch, 1953 ...............USA, Mexico
X. rockefelleri Gertsch, 1953 ...............Mexico
X. rugosus Buckle & Redner, 1964 ...............Russia, Canada, USA
X. sabulosus (Hahn, 1832) ...............Palearctic
X. sphericus (Walckenaer, 1837) ...............USA
X. striatipes L. Koch, 1870 ...............Palearctic
X. tampa Gertsch, 1953 ...............USA
X. texanus Banks, 1904 ...............USA, Mexico
X. triangulosus Emerton, 1894 ...............USA, Canada, Alaska
X. triguttatus Keyserling, 1880 ...............USA, Canada
X. ulmi (Hahn, 1831) ...............Palearctic
X. variabilis Keyserling, 1880 ...............USA
X. viduus Kulczynski, 1898 ...............Palearctic
X. winnipegensis Turnbull, Dondale & Redner, 1965 ...............Canada
‡‡May also include species with Palearctic distribution